GH-43010: [C++][Compute] Support view arrays in selection kernels

[Periecle]

Rationale for this change

binary_view and string_view arrays were not fully supported by selection kernels. This also blocked dictionary decoding for dictionaries with view-type values.

What changes are included in this PR?

• Add take/filter support for BINARY_VIEW and STRING_VIEW.
• Preserve variadic payload buffers when taking view arrays.
• Allow dictionary decode/cast from dictionaries with view-type values.
• Add coverage for take, filter, drop null, scatter, and dictionary decode paths.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

• pre-commit run cpp --files <changed files>
• cmake --build cpp/build --target arrow-compute-vector-selection-test
• Focused compute tests for cast, selection, drop null, and scatter view-array paths

Are there any user-facing changes?

Yes. binary_view and string_view arrays are now supported by the affected selection and dictionary decode paths.

Partially addresses GH-39634
Closes GH-43010

• GitHub Issue: [C++] Support STRING_VIEW and BINARY_VIEW in "array_take" and "array_filter" functions #43010

[github-actions]

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See also:

• Other pull requests
• Contribution Guidelines - Contributing Overview